ADVANCEMENTS IN BIOSENSOR TECHNOLOGIES: FROM NANOBIOSENSORS TO BIOCOMPATIBLE AND OPTICAL SYSTEMS FOR CLINICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Biosensor technology has progressed enormously over the past few years, mainly due to the merger of advanced materials, nanotechnology, and design strategies. This systematic review aims to provide a broad synthesis of the current research landscape, spanning an array of studies addressing the advances and applied aspects of biosensors in a variety of sectors. Biosensors with their unique ability to detect biological analytes with high sensitivity and specificity have become indispensable in clinical diagnostics, where fast and accurate detection of diseases, biomarkers, and pathogens is crucial. For environmental monitoring, biosensors are indispensable in the detection of pollutants, toxins, and pathogens, thus allowing real-time monitoring of air, water, and soil quality. On the other hand, wearable biosensors have changed the paradigm for personal health management by continuously monitoring vital signs, glucose levels, and other parameters. This review discusses material innovations including graphene, nanomaterials, and molecular imprinted polymers, as well as design innovations like miniaturization, wireless capabilities, and integration with AI for enhanced data processing. By synthesizing developments across these diverse applications, this review aims to identify trends, challenges, and future prospects in this ever-changing field of biosensor technology.