World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE BUCCAL TABLETS

Sohel Rana — 2025-11-30

In the present study, an attempt was made to prepare Buccal tablets of Isosorbide dinitrate, in order to overcome bioavailability problems, to reduce dose dependent side effects. Buccal tablets containing the drug were prepared by direct compression method using combinations of polymers (such as Guar gum, Carbopol 940, Xanthan Gum and Pectin). Estimation of Isosorbide dinitrate was carried out spectrophotometrically at 405 nm. The Buccal tablets were evaluated for various physical and biological parameters, drug content uniformity, in-vitro drug release, drug-excipient interactions (Infrared Red). FTIR spectroscopic studies indicated that there are no drug-excipient interactions. The formulations F12 (containing 45mg of Pectin) were found to be promising, which showed maximum drug release within 8hrs. These formulations have displayed good bioadhesion strength (29.12±1.18 gm respectively).

ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND RAPID ANALYTICAL TECHNIC FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF MONTELUKAST AND BILASTINE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM BY USING RP-HPLC METHOD

Dr. Subhas Sahoo — 2025-10-17

A simple, Accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Bilastine and Montelukast in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Agilent C18 150 x 4.6 mm, 5mm. Mobile phase containing Buffer :Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 70:30 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Buffer used in this method was 0.01N Na2Hpo4 buffer. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 265.0 nm. Retention time of Bilastine and Montelukast were found to be 2.141 min and 2.605 min. %RSD of the Bilastine and Montelukast were and found to be 0.4% and 0.2% respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 99.47% and 99.55% for Bilastine and Montelukast respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Bilastine and Montelukast were 0.1, 0.03 and 0.03, 0.10 respectively. % Assay was obtained as 99.74% and 99.72% for Bilastine and Montelukast respectively. Regression equation of is Montelukast y = 45726x + 6306.9, y = 43360x + 810 of Bilastine.

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF MONTELUKAST AND RUPATADINE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORMS BY RP-HPLC

Guntur Annie Susanna — 2025-12-03

RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of Montelukast and Rupatadine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Sunfire C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of Na₂HPO₄ buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio 60:40 % v/v, pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was optimized at 235.0 nm and the column temperature was maintained at 30°C. The retention times of Montelukast and Rupatadine were found to be 2.280 min and 2.976 min, respectively. %RSD values of 0.5% for Montelukast and 0.4% for Rupatadine confirmed the precision of the method. Accuracy results demonstrated excellent recovery, with 99.64% for Montelukast and 99.54% for Rupatadine. LOD and LOQ for Montelukast were 0.03 μg/mL and 0.10 μg/mL, while for Rupatadine they were 0.01 μg/mL and 0.04 μg/mL, respectively, indicating the sensitivity of the method. The %Assay was obtained as 99.28% for Montelukast and 99.37% for Rupatadine. The regression equations were y = 64680x + 6030 for Montelukast and y = 66027x + 547.57 for Rupatadine, showing excellent linearity. Overall, the proposed RP-HPLC method was validated successfully and can be reliably applied for routine quality control analysis of Montelukast and Rupatadine in combined dosage forms.

STABILITY INDICATING REVERSE PHASE-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT ANDVALIDATION FOR BELZUTIFAN IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Badam Vasavi Ratna — 2025-11-18

A Simple, sensitive, specific and precise RP-HPLC method for the pharmaceutical dose estimation of Belzutifan. Chromatogram was run through Agilent C18 250 x 4.6 mm, 5m. Mobile phase containing 0.1% OPA: Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 50:50 v/vwas pumped through column at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 251nm. Retention time of Belzutifan was found to be 2.351 min. standard %RSD of the Belzutifan were and found to be 0.8. %RSD of Method precision of Belzutifan was found to be 0.2. %Recovery was obtained as 99.64% for Belzutifan. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equation of Belzutifan were 0.03, 0.08. Regression equation of Belzutifan is y = 120739x + 6111.9.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES OF SERTRALINE FOR IMPROVING BIOAVAILABILITY

Yesh Lekhram — 2025-12-01

The objective of the current investigation was to optimize and formulate mucoadhesive microspheres loaded with sertraline utilizing guar gum as the mucoadhesive polymer and stabilizing the particles with magnesium stearate so that the formulation could control the release of the drug thereby reducing its dosing frequency and improving the bioavailability. The microspheres were prepared using emulsion coacervation method and the micromeritic features were evaluated. The angle of repose was measured using the fixed funnel method and was found to be ranging from 21.57 ± 0.121 to 28.14 ± 0.620. This indicates that good flow property of powder blend. The bulk and tapped density of the formulations ranged from 0.379 ± 0.009 to 0.608 ± 0.002 g/cm3 and 0.408 ± 0.003 to 0.735 ± 0.006 g/cm3 respectively. The values of Hausner’s ratio ranged from 1.04 to 1.25 whereas the Carr’s Index ranged from 3.92 to 19.94. The yield of all the batches of microspheres was found to be reasonably good ranging from 50.69 % to 73.84 %. The drug loading was found to be 68.35 ± 0.221 to 72.63 ± 0.535 % while the size of microspheres ranged from 13.64 ± 0.055 μm to 17.90 ± 0.121 μm. Swelling study was performed on all the formulation for 24 h and swelling index ranged from 2.69 to 4.72. The optimization was done and the optimized formulation was studied for particle size, mucoadhesion time and in vitro release. The particles size of the optimized formulation was found to be 13.92 μm with polydispersity index of 0.301. The mucoadhesion time of the formulation was obtained to be 6 h 08 min. The in vitro release of sertraline was studied for 12 h and it was found that the microsphere formulation was able to sustain the release of the drug for more than 12 h with 73.5 % drug released at the end of the 12th hour.

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF EPROSARTAN CONTROLLED RELEASE TABLETS

M. Shivani — 2025-11-30

Fast dissolving drug delivery system offers a solution for those patients having difficulty in swallowing tablets/capsules. The present research work is to develop oral thin films of Clobazam by using solvent casting method. Oral thin films were developed by using various super disintegrants like Lycoat and crospovidone in different concentrations with Gelatin, Xanthan Gum as a film forming agents. The prepared formulations of films were evaluated for film thickness measurement, folding endurance study, in-vitro disintegration time, in-vitro drug release pattern (in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer). Drug content, and drug-polymers interaction study (IR spectroscopy). Among all formulations, the formulation (F12) prepared by 135 mg of Crospovidone show good drug release (99.25±1.45%). The Optimized formulation F12 follows first order.

RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF TENEGLIPTIN AND REMOGLIFLOZIN IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Dr. S. Srinivasa Rao — 2025-10-17

Simultaneous estimation of the Remogliflozin and Teneligliptin in pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Discovery C18 250 x 4.6 mm, 5m. Mobile phase containing Buffer Ammonium acetate: Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 60:40 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 0.9 ml/min.. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 229 nm. Remogliflozin and Teneligliptin were eluted at 2.139 min and 2.176 min respectively. %RSD of the Remogliflozin and Teneligliptin were and found to be 0.6 and 0.7 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 99.50% and 99.50% for Remogliflozin and Teneligliptin respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Remogliflozin and Teneligliptin were 0.11, 0.33 and 0.005, 0.014 respectively. Regression equation of Remogliflozin is y = 52813x + 14718, and y = 69817x + 586.95 of Teneligliptin.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GASTRO RETENTIVE FLOATING TABLETS OF NIZATIDINE

Yasmina Khatun — 2025-11-30

Objectives: The purpose of present investigation was to develop and evaluate floating drug delivery system of an Anti-Hyperlipidemic Agent.
Methods: The floating tablets of Nizatidine were prepared by using PEO (Polyethylene oxide), Guar Gum, Xanthan gum, Sodium alginate polymers. The pre-compression and post-compression evaluation were performed as per pharmacopoeial standards. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. Dissolution measurements were carried out in a (USP) dissolution testing apparatus II.
Results: Compatibility study was performed by FTIR. The compatibility study of the prepared Nizatidine floating tablets confirms that there is no interaction between the drug and polymers used. The release data were subjected to different models in order to evaluate their release kinetics and mechanisms. The drug release kinetics was observed by super case II transport mechanism. The floating lag time were found to be significantly increased with the increasing concentration of the polymers.
Interpretation & Conclusion: After the dissolution study of prepared Nizatidine floating tablet it was concluded that the formulation F12 with Sodium alginate 100mg shows better sustained release effect i.e the drug release was 99.24±1.45% at the end of 12th hour. The release kinetic data implies that the release mechanism of all the formulations was super case II transport mechanism. The developed floating tablets of Nizatidine may be used to prolong drug release for at least 12h, thereby improving the bioavailability and patient compliance.

HPLC-BASED METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR QUANTIFICATION OF NIRMATRELVIR AND RITONAVIR IN COMBINATION THERAPY

Dr. S. Srinivasa Rao — 2025-10-17

A simple, Accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir in pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Kromasil C18 250 x 4.6 mm, 5. Mobile phase containing Buffer 0.1% OPA : Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 60:40 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. Buffer used in this method was 0.1% OPA. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 240 nm. Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir were eluted at 2.303 min and 2.783 min respectively. %RSD of the Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir were and found to be 0.8 and 0.5 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 99.63% and 99.70% for Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir were 0.04, 0.13 and 0.01, 0.02 respectively. Regression equation of Nirmatrelvir is y = 92901x + 3504.3, and y = 116867x + 4632.7 of Ritonavir.

RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Abiraterone and Niraparib estimation in Tablet Dosage Form for Cancer Treatment

Daram Devi Sri Satya — 2025-12-03

A simple, Accurate, precise method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of the Abiraterone and Niraparib in Tablet dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Kromasil 250 x 4.6 mm, 5. Mobile phase containing Buffer 0.01N potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate: Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 60:40 was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Buffer used in this method was Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 260.0 nm. Retention time of Abiraterone and Niraparib were found to be 2.125 min and 2.638 min. %RSD of the Abiraterone and Niraparib were and found to be 0.5 and 0.9 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 99.51% and 99.61% for Abiraterone and Niraparib respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Abiraterone and Niraparib were 0.65, 1.96 and 0.03, 0.10 respectively. Regression equation of Abiraterone is y = 4033.6x + 173.05, and y = 10742x + 173.05 of Niraparib.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 4-METHYLCOUMARIN DERIVATIVES AS ANTI-CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS

Chintamani — 2025-11-18

The objective of the present work was to synthesize 4-methylcoumarin derivatives and evaluate anti-cholinesterase activity (in vitro) of the compounds. 4-Methyl coumarin derivatives was synthesized using the Pechmann synthesis using resorcinol, and ethylacetoacetate. The anti-cholinesterase activity of the synthesized compounds was studied by modified Ellman’s method and the percent inhibition and IC50 was calculated. The yield of the compounds was in the range of 65-69%. All the compounds were soluble in chloroform and DMSO whereas insoluble in water. The synthesized derivatives were able to inhibit AChE activity dose dependently form 21.98 to 70.93%. The IC50 was calculated from inhibition percentage and was found to be 97.34 mM, 8.16 mM, 5.67 mM, 13.21 mM and 12.42 mM for C1 to C5 respectively. The inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine into its component’s choline and acetyl CoA.

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF FAVIPIRAVIR BY USING RP-HPLC

Koredi Nandini — 2025-12-03

A robust and precise analytical method was developed and validated through RP – HPLC for the estimation of Favipiravir by using a Discovery 250mm x 4.6 mm, 5m column with Acetonitrile: 0.01N Kh2po4 (70:30 v/v) as mobile phase. The method demonstrated excellent linearity in the concentration ranges of and 10–60 μg/ml for Favipiravir with correlation coefficients (R²) of 0.999 for both drugs, confirming strong linearity. The regression equations obtained were and y = 63434x + 13743 for Favipiravir. The assay results indicated high accuracy with mean assay values of 99.46% for Favipiravir. Specificity studies confirmed the method’s ability to distinctly quantify both analytes without interference. System suitability and method precision showed %RSD values within acceptable limits (≤2%), ensuring reproducibility. Accuracy studies yielded recoveries of 99.54% for Favipiravir. The sensitivity of the method was demonstrated by low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), observed at 0.03 μg/ml and 0.10 μg/ml for Favipiravir, respectively. Robustness studies further confirmed method reliability under small variations in method parameters

FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF DEFLAZACORT PULSATILE DRUG DELIVERY

P. Sai Sirisha — 2025-11-30

The purpose of the present study was to design and evaluate an Oral, site specific, Pulsatile drug delivery system containing Deflazacort as a model drug, which can be time dependent manner, to modulate the drug level in synchrony is a member of the drug class known as corticosteroid prodrug with an active metabolite. It is used for treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The basic design consists of an insoluble hard gelatin capsule body, filled with powder blend and sealed with a hydrogel plug. The powder blend containing Deflazacort, Xanthan gum, Guar Gum, Lycoat, Ludiflash, Croscarmellose sodium, MCC and talc was prepared and evaluated for flow properties and FTIR studies. From the obtained results, F12 powder blend formulation was selected for further fabrication of pulsatile capsules. Hydrogel plug was formulated in a lone and in combination of hydrophobic polymer like ethyl cellulose with hydrophilic polymers like Ethyl Cellulose: HPMC K15M in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 ratio to maintain a suitable lag period and it was found that the drug release was controlled by the proportion of polymers used. The prepared formulations were evaluated for drug content, weight variation and Invitro release studies. FTIR studies confirmed that there was no interaction between drug and polymers and Invitro release studies of pulsatile device revealed that increasing hydrophilic polymer content resulted in delayed release of Deflazacort from the pulsincap after a predetermined lag time of 6hrs. Based on invitro studies performed, P3F12 was found to be optimized formulation.

EVALUATION OF THE ANTIASTHMATIC ACTIVITY OF AZIMA TETRACANTHA LAM LEAVES IN ANIMAL MODEL

Madhu Shri — 2025-10-23

Asthma is a chronic disease that affects approximately 300 million people worldwide. Although wide range of drug is available, the relief provided by them is mainly symptomatic and short lived. Moreover, the side effects of these drugs are also quite disturbing. Hence, a continuous search is on going to identify effective and safe remedies to treat bronchial asthma. Ayurveda is a great Indian tradition and have an important role in discovery of new medicines. There are many natural herbs that can be used for asthma, treatment. Azima Tetracantha Lam is traditionally used to treat asthma. Although these plants possess diverse pharmacological actions, the scientific data on anti-asthmatic actions of this plant has got little attention. An attempt has been made to evaluate antiasthamatic activity of Azima Tetracantha Lam of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of medicinal plant. Different groups of guinea pigs (350-500 g) of either sex were subjected to acetylcholine (n = 5) and histamine-induced (n = 10) airway constriction. AQEAT and ALEAT (200 and 300 mg/kg) showed potent bronchodilator activity on histamine-and acetylcholine-induced airway constriction in guinea pigs. These extract has shown the sub-effective dose produced at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg in all the models. The LD50 of the Aqueous and Alcoholic extracts at a dose of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg are found to be 2262.7 and 1131.4 by oral route. These LD50 values fall within the practically non-toxic range. The present study for the first time indicates anti-asthmatic, acute, sub-acute studies of Azima Tetracantha Lam medicinal plants, confirming their traditional claims. The anti-asthmatic action of Azima Tetracantha Lam could be due to the inhibition of the synthesis, release or action of histamine and acetylcholine effect.

FORMULATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF EPROSARTAN CONTROLLED RELEASE TABLETS

P. Vaishali — 2025-11-30

Eprosartan has a short biological half-life of 5-9 hours and having less bioavailability which necessitates multiple daily dosing. Hence the present study was aimed to develop a controlled release formulation of Eprosartan to reduce the dose related side effects and to reduce the dosage regimen. The present research project aimed to develop a Control release oral formulation of hypertension drug Eprosartan, the present research comprising Eprosartan used for the symptomatic relief of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Polymers like HPMC K15 M, Carbopol 940, Pectin and Gellan Gum were used for controlling the drug release, and the polymers are mixed in a predetermined ratio. Totally 12 formulations were prepared and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters, and all the results were found to be within the limits. From the drug and excipients compatibility studies (FTIR) it was confirmed that the drug and excipients used weren’t have any interactions. The in vitro dissolution studies revealed that the F9 formulation containing 250mg of Pectin controls the drug release up to 12 hours. So Pectin containing F9 formulation was considered to be suitable for the formulation of Eprosartan controlled release tablet and the drug release kinetics revealed that the F9 formulation shows zero order kinetics with super case- II transport mechanism.

RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PREGABALIN AND ETORICOXIB IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS

Dr. S. Srinivasa Rao — 2025-10-17

The simultaneous estimation of the Pregabalin and Etoricoxib in Tablet dosage form. Chromatogram was run through Agilent C18 150 mm (4.6 x 150mm, 5μm) Mobile phase containing Buffer 70% (Ammonium acetate ) :40% Acetonitrile was pumped through column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Temperature was maintained at 30°C. Optimized wavelength selected was 234.0 nm. Retention time of Pregabalin and Etoricoxib were found to be 2.233 min and 2.712 min. %RSD of the Pregabalin and Etoricoxib were and found to be 0.5 and 0.5 respectively. %Recovery was obtained as 100.06% and 99.81% for Pregabalin and Etoricoxib respectively. LOD, LOQ values obtained from regression equations of Pregabalin and Etoricoxib were 0.03, 0.09 and 0.02, 0.06 respectively. Regression equation of Pregabalin is y = 33728x + 2248.7, and y = 37618x + 3978.9 of Etoricoxib.

THE ECONOMIC SHOCK OF CONFLICT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BROILER PRODUCTION COSTS IN SUDAN PRE-WAR (2023) AND POST-WAR (2025) AGAINST GLOBAL BENCHMARKS

Faisal Sayed Abdalgalil — 2025-11-05

This study provides a focused economic analysis of the broiler production sector in Sudan, comparing its pre-war (2023) efficiency with its post-war (2025) condition, benchmarked against global standards. Utilizing normalized data (2024 constant USD), the research examines cost structures, biological performance, and economic resilience in the face of profound systemic disruption. Before the 2023 conflict, Sudan's production cost was USD 0.95/kg live weight, already 22% above the global benchmark of USD 0.78/kg. The war triggered a catastrophic cost escalation, with the 2025 post-war cost soaring to USD 1.75/kg, a 142% deviation from the global standard. This surge was driven by a five-fold currency devaluation, the destruction of most large integrated broiler companies including parent-stock farms forcing reliance on imported fertilized eggs, and a shift to costly diesel-generated power, which multiplied energy expenses. Despite this, some recovery efforts emerged through private-sector partnerships that resumed fertile egg imports and limited hatchery operations, partially restoring supply but at high cost. The Day-Old Chick (DOC) cost share exploded from 22.8% to 38.9% of total costs. Despite these shocks, the sector demonstrated notable biological resilience, maintaining a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.5. The findings underscore that the crisis is primarily economic and infrastructural, not biological. The study concludes that targeted interventions focusing on hatchery rehabilitation, feed sovereignty, renewable energy adoption, and macroeconomic stabilization are critical for restoring Sudan's poultry sector and its vital role in national food security.

A COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF BROILER PRODUCTION COSTS: SELECTEDARAB COUNTRIES, TURKEY, AND THE UNITED STATES COMPARED TO GLOBALSTANDARDS

Faisal Sayed Abdalgalil — 2025-11-05

This systematic review examines the biological and economic performance of broiler production systems in Sudan, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the United States, benchmarked against global efficiency standards. Using normalized data (2024 constant USD), the study integrates cost structure, performance, and sensitivity analyses to identify major efficiency gaps and resilience factors. Results show that feed accounts for 55-61% of total production costs, making it the dominant driver of economic performance across all systems. Turkey (USD 0.69/kg) and the USA (USD 0.73/kg) achieved global-level competitiveness through superior feed conversion ratios (FCR 1.5-1.6), advanced genetics, and technological integration. Arab producers, particularly Sudan (USD 0.95 pre-war, USD 1.75 post-war 2025), Egypt (USD 0.90), and Jordan (USD 0.92), recorded higher costs due to feed import dependence, energy constraints, and limited mechanization (FAO, 2023; World Poultry Foundation, 2023).
In Sudan, war-related disruptions caused a five-fold currency devaluation and destruction of parent-stock farms, leading to reliance on imported fertilized eggs and diesel power, which raised DOC and energy costs. Despite these challenges, the sector shows adaptive resilience through shortened production cycles and stable FCR (Aviagen, 2022; Cobb-Vantress, 2021). The findings emphasize the need for integrated recovery strategies combining feed autonomy, hatchery rehabilitation, renewable energy adoption, and targeted financial support. Regionally, improved policy coordination, technology transfer, and localized feed production are essential to enhance competitiveness and food security under volatile economic conditions.
Broiler production economics viability varies significantly between developed and developing nations. This study provides a comparative economic analysis of broiler production costs in selected Arab countries (Sudan, Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia), Turkey, and the United States, benchmarked against global efficiency standards. Data were sourced from peer- reviewed literature, government statistics, and international reports (2017-2024), with Sudanese data reflecting projected pre-war conditions for 2024. Cost components analyzed included day-old chicks (DOC), feed, labor, housing, veterinary care, and mortality.
Results reveal substantial cross-country variation: Turkey recorded the lowest cost per kilogram of live weight ($0.69), followed by the United States ($0.73), while Sudan exhibited the highest ($0.95), with Egypt ($0.90), Jordan ($0.92), and Saudi Arabia ($0.81) also exceeding the global benchmark of $0.78/kg (FAO, 2023; World Poultry Foundation, 2023). Feed was the dominant cost component, accounting for 58.6%-60.6% of total costs, slightly above the global optimal range of 56%-57% (FAO, 2023). Egypt and Jordan bore the heaviest feed cost burden. By contrast, the United States and Turkey allocated a larger share to DOC (21.74% and 21.88%, respectively), reflecting investment in superior genetics that enhanced growth rates and feed conversion efficiency (Aviagen, 2022; Cobb-Vantress, 2021).
Sensitivity analysis indicated that a ±10% fluctuation in feed prices altered production costs by up to ±6% in Sudan and Egypt. These findings highlight the vulnerability of Arab producers to volatility in imported and locally produced feed ingredients, while demonstrating the resilience of technology-intensive systems in Turkey and the United States.

The study concludes that enhancing competitiveness in the Arab region requires strategic investments in local feed production, advanced genetics, and mechanization. Policy interventions should prioritize the development of domestic feed industries, support modern hatcheries, incentivize automation, and strengthen biosecurity measures to reduce costs and build resilience against external shocks (FAO, 2023; Aviagen, 2022; Cobb-Vantress, 2021).